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    Publications listed below are automatically derived from MEDLINE/PubMed and other sources, which might result in incorrect or missing publications. Faculty can login to make corrections and additions.
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    PMC Citations indicate the number of times the publication was cited by articles in PubMed Central, and the Altmetric score represents citations in news articles and social media. (Note that publications are often cited in additional ways that are not shown here.) Fields are based on how the National Library of Medicine (NLM) classifies the publication's journal and might not represent the specific topic of the publication. Translation tags are based on the publication type and the MeSH terms NLM assigns to the publication. Some publications (especially newer ones and publications not in PubMed) might not yet be assigned Field or Translation tags.) Click a Field or Translation tag to filter the publications.
    1. Kanise H, van Oosterhout JJ, Bisani P, Songo J, Matola BW, Chipungu C, Simon K, Cox C, Hosseinipour MC, Sagno JB, Hoffman RM, Wallrauch C, Phiri S, Steegen K, Jahn A, Nyirenda R, Heller T. Virological Findings and Treatment Outcomes of Cases That Developed Dolutegravir Resistance in Malawi's National HIV Treatment Program. Viruses. 2023 12 23; 16(1). PMID: 38257730; PMCID: PMC10819735.
      Citations: 1     Fields:    Translation:HumansCells
    2. Inzaule SC, Siedner MJ, Little SJ, Avila-Rios S, Ayitewala A, Bosch RJ, Calvez V, Ceccherini-Silberstein F, Charpentier C, Descamps D, Eshleman SH, Fokam J, Frenkel LM, Gupta RK, Ioannidis JPA, Kaleebu P, Kantor R, Kassaye SG, Kosakovsky Pond SL, Kouamou V, Kouyos RD, Kuritzkes DR, Lessells R, Marcelin AG, Mbuagbaw L, Minalga B, Ndembi N, Neher RA, Paredes R, Pillay D, Raizes EG, Rhee SY, Richman DD, Ruxrungtham K, Sabeti PC, Schapiro JM, Sirivichayakul S, Steegen K, Sugiura W, van Zyl GU, Vandamme AM, Wensing AMJ, Wertheim JO, Gunthard HF, Jordan MR, Shafer RW. Recommendations on data sharing in HIV drug resistance research. PLoS Med. 2023 Sep; 20(9):e1004293. PMID: 37738247; PMCID: PMC10558071.
      Citations: 3     Fields:    Translation:HumansCells
    3. Steegen K, van Zyl GU, Claassen M, Khan A, Pillay M, Govender S, Bester PA, van Straaten JM, Kana V, Cutler E, Kalimashe MN, Lebelo RL, Moloi MBH, Hans L. Advancing HIV Drug Resistance Technologies and Strategies: Insights from South Africa's Experience and Future Directions for Resource-Limited Settings. Diagnostics (Basel). 2023 Jun 29; 13(13). PMID: 37443603; PMCID: PMC10340187.
      Citations:    
    4. Hunt GM, Yousif M, Levin L, Ledwaba J, Steegen K, Kufa T, Zwane H, Kalimashe M, Kana V, Aynalem G, Perlman J, Ayalew K, Kindra G, Diallo K, Carmona S, Sherman G, Raizes EJ. Resistance is common in paediatric patients failing ART in South Africa. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2023 05 03; 78(5):1160-1167. PMID: 37017009; PMCID: PMC10616358.
      Citations: 1     Fields:    Translation:Humans
    5. Munir R, Scott LE, Noble LD, Steegen K, Hans L, Stevens WS. Performance Evaluation of Four Qualitative RT-PCR Assays for the Detection of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Microbiol Spectr. 2023 Feb 28; e0371622. PMID: 36853026; PMCID: PMC10101067.
      Citations:    Fields:    
    6. Steegen K, Chandiwana N, Sokhela S, Venter WDF, Hans L. Impact of rilpivirine cross-resistance on long-acting cabotegravir-rilpivirine in low and middle-income countries. AIDS. 2023 05 01; 37(6):1009-1011. PMID: 36779485; PMCID: PMC10090297.
      Citations: 3     Fields:    Translation:HumansCells
    7. Noble LD, Scott LE, Munir R, Du Plessis M, Steegen K, Hans L, Marokane P, Da Silva P, Stevens WS. Rapid Evaluation of the Xpert? Xpress CoV-2 plus and Xpert? Xpress CoV-2/Flu/RSV plus Tests. Diagnostics (Basel). 2022 Dec 22; 13(1). PMID: 36611325; PMCID: PMC9818900.
      Citations: 3     
    8. Botha JC, Steegen K, Edoo M, Nel J, van Zyl GU. Low-level viraemia despite emergence of dolutegravir-resistant variants. South Afr J HIV Med. 2022; 23(1):1398. PMID: 36299554; PMCID: PMC9575371.
      Citations: 3     
    9. Steegen K, Hans L. Compelling evidence for unconditional shift to dolutegravir. Lancet HIV. 2022 08; 9(8):e523-e524. PMID: 35905750.
      Citations: 1     Fields:    Translation:Humans
    10. Steegen K, Levin L, Evans D, Technau KG, Hans L. Minimal Cross-resistance to Tenofovir in Children and Adolescents Failing ART Makes Them Eligible for Tenofovir-Lamivudine-Dolutegravir Treatment. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2022 10 01; 41(10):827-834. PMID: 35895893; PMCID: PMC9508940.
      Citations:    Fields:    Translation:Humans
    11. Inzaule SC, Kroeze S, Kityo CM, Siwale M, Akanmu S, Wellington M, de Jager M, Ive P, Mandaliya K, Stevens W, Steegen K, Nankya I, Boender TS, Ondoa P, Sigaloff KCE, de Wit TFR, Hamers RL. Long-term HIV treatment outcomes and associated factors in sub-Saharan Africa: multi-country longitudinal cohort analysis. AIDS. 2022 May 24. PMID: 35608116.
      Citations: 6     Fields:    Translation:Humans
    12. van Oosterhout JJ, Chipungu C, Nkhoma L, Kanise H, Hosseinipour MC, Sagno JB, Simon K, Cox C, Hoffman R, Steegen K, Matola BW, Phiri S, Jahn A, Nyirenda R, Heller T. Dolutegravir Resistance in Malawi's National HIV Treatment Program. Open Forum Infect Dis. 2022 May; 9(5):ofac148. PMID: 35493118; PMCID: PMC9045949.
      Citations: 14     
    13. Noble L, Scott L, Munir R, Steegen K, du Plessis M, Hans L, Stevens W. Guidance for SARS-CoV-2 RNA-Based Molecular Assay Analytical Performance Evaluations. Methods Mol Biol. 2022; 2511:99-115. PMID: 35838955.
      Citations: 2     Fields:    Translation:HumansCells
    14. Bangalee A, Hans L, Steegen K. Feasibility and clinical relevance of HIV-1 drug resistance testing in patients with low-level viraemia in South Africa. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2021 09 15; 76(10):2659-2665. PMID: 34278422.
      Citations: 5     Fields:    Translation:HumansCells
    15. Hans L, Steegen K, Ketseoglou I, Mahlumba Z, Cassim N, Wiggill T, Venter WDF, Stevens W. Preparing for the next pandemic: Lessons from rapid scale-up of SARS-CoV-2 testing in a South African high-throughput automated HIV molecular laboratory. Int J Infect Dis. 2021 Sep; 110:1-3. PMID: 34139371; PMCID: PMC8205292.
      Citations: 2     Fields:    Translation:HumansCellsPHPublic Health
    16. Steegen K, Moorhouse M, Wensing AM, Venter WD, Hans L. Is there a role for doravirine in African HIV treatment programmes? A large observational resistance study in South Africa. J Int AIDS Soc. 2021 05; 24(5):e25706. PMID: 33943000; PMCID: PMC8094661.
      Citations: 5     Fields:    Translation:HumansCells
    17. Jordan MR, Hamunime N, Bikinesi L, Sawadogo S, Agolory S, Shiningavamwe AN, Negussie T, Fisher-Walker CL, Raizes EG, Mutenda N, Hunter CJ, Dean N, Steegen K, Kana V, Carmona S, Yang C, Tang AM, Parkin N, Hong SY. High levels of HIV drug resistance among adults failing second-line antiretroviral therapy in Namibia. Medicine (Baltimore). 2020 Sep 11; 99(37):e21661. PMID: 32925712; PMCID: PMC7489739.
      Citations: 6     Fields:    Translation:HumansCells
    18. Hermans LE, Steegen K, Ter Heine R, Schuurman R, Tempelman HA, Moraba R, van Maarseveen E, Nijhuis M, Pillay T, Legg-E'Silva D, Snyman T, Schapiro JM, Burger DM, Carmona S, Wensing AM. Drug level testing as a strategy to determine eligibility for drug resistance testing after failure of ART: a retrospective analysis of South African adult patients on second-line ART. J Int AIDS Soc. 2020 06; 23(6):e25501. PMID: 32515898; PMCID: PMC7282495.
      Citations: 8     Fields:    Translation:Humans
    19. Steegen K, van Zyl G, Letsoalo E, Claassen M, Hans L, Carmona S. Resistance in patients failing integrase strand transfer inhibitors: a call to replace raltegravir with dolutegravir in third-line treatment in South Africa. Open Forum Infect Dis. 2019 Aug 21. PMID: 31433056; PMCID: PMC6786511.
      Citations: 9     
    20. Bester PA, De Vries A, Riekert S, Steegen K, van Zyl G, Goedhals D. PhyloPi: An affordable, purpose built phylogenetic pipeline for the HIV drug resistance testing facility. PLoS One. 2019; 14(3):e0213241. PMID: 30835760; PMCID: PMC6400384.
      Citations: 1     Fields:    Translation:HumansCells
    21. Moorhouse M, Maartens G, Venter WDF, Moosa MY, Steegen K, Jamaloodien K, Fox MP, Conradie F. Third-Line Antiretroviral Therapy Program in the South African Public Sector: Cohort Description and Virological Outcomes. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2019 01 01; 80(1):73-78. PMID: 30334876; PMCID: PMC6319697.
      Citations: 27     Fields:    Translation:Humans
    22. Inzaule SC, Hamers RL, Noguera-Julian M, Casadellà M, Parera M, Kityo C, Steegen K, Naniche D, Clotet B, Rinke de Wit TF, Paredes R, PanAfrican Studies to Evaluate Resistance. Clinically relevant thresholds for ultrasensitive HIV drug resistance testing: a multi-country nested case-control study. Lancet HIV. 2018 11; 5(11):e638-e646. PMID: 30282603.
      Citations: 34     Fields:    Translation:HumansCells
    23. Rhee SY, Varghese V, Holmes SP, Van Zyl GU, Steegen K, Boyd MA, Cooper DA, Nsanzimana S, Saravanan S, Charpentier C, de Oliveira T, Etiebet MA, Garcia F, Goedhals D, Gomes P, Günthard HF, Hamers RL, Hoffmann CJ, Hunt G, Jiamsakul A, Kaleebu P, Kanki P, Kantor R, Kerschberger B, Marconi VC, D'amour Ndahimana J, Ndembi N, Ngo-Giang-Huong N, Rokx C, Santoro MM, Schapiro JM, Schmidt D, Seu L, Sigaloff KCE, Sirivichayakul S, Skhosana L, Sunpath H, Tang M, Yang C, Carmona S, Gupta RK, Shafer RW. Mutational Correlates of Virological Failure in Individuals Receiving a WHO-Recommended Tenofovir-Containing First-Line Regimen: An International Collaboration. EBioMedicine. 2017 Apr; 18:225-235. PMID: 28365230; PMCID: PMC5405160.
      Citations: 20     Fields:    Translation:HumansCells
    24. Steegen K, Carmona S, Bronze M, Papathanasopoulos MA, van Zyl G, Goedhals D, MacLeod W, Sanne I, Stevens WS. Moderate Levels of Pre-Treatment HIV-1 Antiretroviral Drug Resistance Detected in the First South African National Survey. PLoS One. 2016; 11(12):e0166305. PMID: 27907009; PMCID: PMC5132262.
      Citations: 33     Fields:    Translation:HumansCells
    25. Steegen K, Bronze M, Papathanasopoulos MA, van Zyl G, Goedhals D, Van Vuuren C, Macleod W, Sanne I, Stevens WS, Carmona SC. Prevalence of Antiretroviral Drug Resistance in Patients Who Are Not Responding to Protease Inhibitor-Based Treatment: Results From the First National Survey in South Africa. J Infect Dis. 2016 Dec 15; 214(12):1826-1830. PMID: 27923946.
      Citations: 14     Fields:    Translation:HumansCells
    26. Steegen K, Bronze M, Papathanasopoulos MA, van Zyl G, Goedhals D, Variava E, MacLeod W, Sanne I, Stevens WS, Carmona S. HIV-1 antiretroviral drug resistance patterns in patients failing NNRTI-based treatment: results from a national survey in South Africa. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2017 01; 72(1):210-219. PMID: 27659733.
      Citations: 21     Fields:    Translation:HumansCells
    27. Fox MP, Berhanu R, Steegen K, Firnhaber C, Ive P, Spencer D, Mashamaite S, Sheik S, Jonker I, Howell P, Long L, Evans D. Intensive adherence counselling for HIV-infected individuals failing second-line antiretroviral therapy in Johannesburg, South Africa. Trop Med Int Health. 2016 09; 21(9):1131-7. PMID: 27383454.
      Citations: 31     Fields:    Translation:HumansCells
    28. Boender TS, Kityo CM, Boerma RS, Hamers RL, Ondoa P, Wellington M, Siwale M, Nankya I, Kaudha E, Akanmu AS, Botes ME, Steegen K, Calis JC, Rinke de Wit TF, Sigaloff KC. Accumulation of HIV-1 drug resistance after continued virological failure on first-line ART in adults and children in sub-Saharan Africa. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2016 10; 71(10):2918-27. PMID: 27342546.
      Citations: 54     Fields:    Translation:HumansCells
    29. Skhosana L, Steegen K, Bronze M, Lukhwareni A, Letsoalo E, Papathanasopoulos MA, Carmona SC, Stevens WS. High prevalence of the K65R mutation in HIV-1 subtype C infected patients failing tenofovir-based first-line regimens in South Africa. PLoS One. 2015; 10(2):e0118145. PMID: 25659108; PMCID: PMC4320083.
      Citations: 20     Fields:    Translation:HumansCells
    30. Ondoa P, Shamu T, Bronze M, Wellington M, Boender TS, Manting C, Steegen K, Luethy R, Rinke de Wit T. Performance and logistical challenges of alternative HIV-1 virological monitoring options in a clinical setting of Harare, Zimbabwe. Biomed Res Int. 2014; 2014:102598. PMID: 25025031; PMCID: PMC4082876.
      Citations: 4     Fields:    Translation:HumansCells
    31. Van Dorst B, Cremers A, Jans K, Van Domburg T, Steegen K, Huang C, Dorrer C, Lagae L, Ferwerda G, Stuyver LJ. Integration of clinical point-of-care requirements in a DNA microarray genotyping test. Biosens Bioelectron. 2014 Nov 15; 61:605-11. PMID: 24967749.
      Citations:    Fields:    Translation:HumansCells
    32. Steegen K, Levin L, Ketseoglou I, Bronze M, Papathanasopoulos MA, Carmona S, Stevens W. High-level cross-resistance to didanosine observed in South African children failing an abacavir- or stavudine-based 1st-line regimen. PLoS One. 2014; 9(5):e97067. PMID: 24816790; PMCID: PMC4016228.
      Citations: 3     Fields:    Translation:HumansCells
    33. Ketseoglou I, Lukhwareni A, Steegen K, Carmona S, Stevens WS, Papathanasopoulos MA. Viral tropism and antiretroviral drug resistance in HIV-1 subtype C-infected patients failing highly active antiretroviral therapy in Johannesburg, South Africa. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses. 2014 Mar; 30(3):289-93. PMID: 24224886; PMCID: PMC3938925.
      Citations: 6     Fields:    Translation:HumansCells
    34. Bronze M, Aitken SC, Wallis CL, Steegen K, Stuyver LJ, de Wit TF, Stevens W. Evaluation of an affordable HIV-1 virological failure assay and antiretroviral drug resistance genotyping protocol. J Virol Methods. 2013 Dec; 194(1-2):300-7. PMID: 23994150.
      Citations: 4     Fields:    Translation:HumansCells
    35. Aitken SC, Bronze M, Wallis CL, Stuyver L, Steegen K, Balinda S, Kityo C, Stevens W, Rinke de Wit TF, Schuurman R. A pragmatic approach to HIV-1 drug resistance determination in resource-limited settings by use of a novel genotyping assay targeting the reverse transcriptase-encoding region only. J Clin Microbiol. 2013 Jun; 51(6):1757-61. PMID: 23536405; PMCID: PMC3716103.
      Citations: 14     Fields:    Translation:HumansCells
    36. Bronze M, Steegen K, Wallis CL, De Wolf H, Papathanasopoulos MA, Van Houtte M, Stevens WS, de Wit TR, Stuyver LJ, ART-A Consortium. HIV-1 phenotypic reverse transcriptase inhibitor drug resistance test interpretation is not dependent on the subtype of the virus backbone. PLoS One. 2012; 7(4):e34708. PMID: 22496845; PMCID: PMC3322145.
      Citations: 5     Fields:    Translation:HumansCells
    37. Nauwelaers D, Van Houtte M, Winters B, Steegen K, Van Baelen K, Chi E, Zhou M, Steiner D, Bonesteel R, Aston C, Stuyver LJ. A synthetic HIV-1 subtype C backbone generates comparable PR and RT resistance profiles to a subtype B backbone in a recombinant virus assay. PLoS One. 2011; 6(5):e19643. PMID: 21629677; PMCID: PMC3101197.
      Citations: 2     Fields:    Translation:Cells
    38. Steegen K, Bronze M, Van Craenenbroeck E, Winters B, Van der Borght K, Wallis CL, Stevens W, Rinke de Wit TF, Stuyver LJ, ART-A consortium. A comparative analysis of HIV drug resistance interpretation based on short reverse transcriptase sequences versus full sequences. AIDS Res Ther. 2010 Oct 15; 7:38. PMID: 20950432; PMCID: PMC2984380.
      Citations: 5     Fields:    
    39. Rouet F, Foulongne V, Viljoen J, Steegen K, Becquart P, Valéa D, Danaviah S, Segondy M, Verhofstede C, Van de Perre P, WHO/ANRS 1289 Kesho Bora Study Group. Comparison of the Generic HIV Viral Load assay with the Amplicor HIV-1 monitor v1.5 and Nuclisens HIV-1 EasyQ v1.2 techniques for plasma HIV-1 RNA quantitation of non-B subtypes: the Kesho Bora preparatory study. J Virol Methods. 2010 Feb; 163(2):253-7. PMID: 19837114.
      Citations: 17     Fields:    Translation:HumansCells
    40. Steegen K, Luchters S, Dauwe K, Reynaerts J, Mandaliya K, Jaoko W, Plum J, Temmerman M, Verhofstede C. Effectiveness of antiretroviral therapy and development of drug resistance in HIV-1 infected patients in Mombasa, Kenya. AIDS Res Ther. 2009 Jun 16; 6:12. PMID: 19531211; PMCID: PMC2704235.
      Citations: 12     Fields:    
    41. Van Baelen K, Salzwedel K, Rondelez E, Van Eygen V, De Vos S, Verheyen A, Steegen K, Verlinden Y, Allaway GP, Stuyver LJ. Susceptibility of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 to the maturation inhibitor bevirimat is modulated by baseline polymorphisms in Gag spacer peptide 1. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2009 May; 53(5):2185-8. PMID: 19223634; PMCID: PMC2681549.
      Citations: 50     Fields:    Translation:HumansCells
    42. Steegen K, Luchters S, De Cabooter N, Reynaerts J, Mandaliya K, Plum J, Jaoko W, Verhofstede C, Temmerman M. Evaluation of two commercially available alternatives for HIV-1 viral load testing in resource-limited settings. J Virol Methods. 2007 Dec; 146(1-2):178-87. PMID: 17686534.
      Citations: 17     Fields:    Translation:HumansCells
    43. Steegen K, Luchters S, Demecheleer E, Dauwe K, Mandaliya K, Jaoko W, Plum J, Temmerman M, Verhofstede C. Feasibility of detecting human immunodeficiency virus type 1 drug resistance in DNA extracted from whole blood or dried blood spots. J Clin Microbiol. 2007 Oct; 45(10):3342-51. PMID: 17670924; PMCID: PMC2045371.
      Citations: 19     Fields:    Translation:HumansCells
    44. Steegen K, Demecheleer E, De Cabooter N, Nges D, Temmerman M, Ndumbe P, Mandaliya K, Plum J, Verhofstede C. A sensitive in-house RT-PCR genotyping system for combined detection of plasma HIV-1 and assessment of drug resistance. J Virol Methods. 2006 May; 133(2):137-45. PMID: 16375980.
      Citations: 19     Fields:    Translation:HumansCells
    45. Snoeck J, Riva C, Steegen K, Schrooten Y, Maes B, Vergne L, Van Laethem K, Peeters M, Vandamme AM. Optimization of a genotypic assay applicable to all human immunodeficiency virus type 1 protease and reverse transcriptase subtypes. J Virol Methods. 2005 Sep; 128(1-2):47-53. PMID: 15871907.
      Citations: 7     Fields:    Translation:HumansCells
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